📌 Topics to Cover
1️⃣ Rivers of India
2️⃣ Agriculture in India
3️⃣ Natural Resources (Minerals, Forests, Water, Energy)
🌊 Rivers of India
1. River System Classification
India has two major river systems:
- Himalayan Rivers (Snow-fed, perennial)
- Peninsular Rivers (Rain-fed, seasonal)
2. Important Himalayan Rivers
📌 Indus River System
- Origin: Tibet (Mansarovar Lake)
- Major tributaries: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej
- Treaty: Indus Water Treaty (1960) – India gets 20%, Pakistan 80%
📌 Ganga River System
- Origin: Gangotri Glacier (Uttarakhand)
- Major tributaries: Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi, Son
- Forms Sundarbans Delta (largest in the world)
📌 Brahmaputra River System
- Origin: Tibet (Angsi Glacier)
- Enters India as Dihang, later called Brahmaputra
- Causes floods in Assam
3. Important Peninsular Rivers
📌 East-Flowing Rivers (drain into the Bay of Bengal)
- Godavari (Dakshina Ganga)
- Krishna
- Cauvery
- Mahanadi
📌 West-flowing rivers (drain into the Arabian Sea)
- Narmada, Tapi
- Sabarmati, Mahi
🔗 For Maps & Extra Notes:
🌾 Agriculture in India
1. Types of Agriculture
📌 Subsistence Farming – Small-scale, for family use (e.g., Jhumming)
📌 Commercial Farming – Large-scale, cash crops (e.g., Cotton, Sugarcane)
📌 Plantation Farming – Single crop on a large scale (e.g., Tea, Coffee)
2. Major Crops & Their Climate Needs
| Crop | Type | Temperature | Rainfall | Soil Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat | Rabi | 10-15°C | 50-100 cm | Alluvial |
| Rice | Kharif | 25-35°C | 100-200 cm | Clayey |
| Cotton | Kharif | 21-30°C | 50-100 cm | Black soil |
| Sugarcane | Annual | 20-26°C | 75-150 cm | Alluvial, Loamy |
3. Agricultural Challenges in India
- Low Productivity (small landholdings, lack of irrigation)
- Climate Change Impact (droughts, floods)
- Soil Erosion & Depletion
🔗 Useful Resources:
⛏️ Natural Resources in India
1. Major Mineral Resources
| Mineral | Major States | Uses |
|---|---|---|
| Coal | Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh | Power, Steel |
| Iron Ore | Odisha, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh | Steel Production |
| Bauxite | Odisha, Gujarat | Aluminum |
| Mica | Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh | Electronics |
2. Forest Resources & Types of Forests
| Forest Type | Region | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Tropical Rainforest | Western Ghats, Andaman | Dense, Evergreen |
| Deciduous Forest | Central India | Monsoon-dependent |
| Mangrove Forest | Sundarbans | Salt-tolerant |
3. Water Resources
- Major Dams: Bhakra Nangal, Sardar Sarovar, Hirakud
- Irrigation Types: Canal, Wells, Drip Irrigation
🔗 For Extra Study:
📖 Practice & Self-Check
✅ Solve 10 MCQs on rivers, agriculture & resources.
✅ Identify one weak topic & revise.
✅ Map Practice – Locate 5 rivers & 5 mineral regions.
💪 Moral Strength & Motivation
🌟 “You are stronger than you think!” 🌟
Every UPSC topper was once a beginner like you. You might feel overwhelmed, but consistency beats talent. Just keep moving forward—one concept, one test at a time.
🔥 You are not alone in this journey. Believe in yourself! 🔥